The Free African Society (1787)
Founded in Philadelphia by Richard Allen and Absalom Jones, the Free African Society (FAS) emerged from a moment of profound exclusion. Both men had purchased their freedom but found that even "free" spaces—like the St. George’s Methodist Episcopal Church—were segregated. The turning point occurred when Allen and Jones were pulled off their knees during prayer for sitting in a "white" section. Realizing that true freedom required independent institutions, they formed the FAS to provide the social safety net the government denied them.